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The Power of Confidence in Athletes

Self-confidence and how it affects athletes

Self-confidence is the "feeling of trust in one's abilities, qualities, and judgment" (Oxford Dictionary, 2008).

Or in sporting terms, confidence is "the belief that you can play a certain shot or achieve a certain goal, no matter what the circumstances are" (Kremer and Moran, 2008).

Athletes need to have confidence in their ability to be able to succeed in their sport. It is important to recognise that we all have the ability to have self-confidence: it can be trained and installed in us. Athletes with self-confidence will then be able to influence themselves and their sporting performance, as well as have influence over others, especially their competitors.

Athlete's who have optimal self-confidence will be able to perform better. Typically they will:

• Be positive in their approach to their performance


• Take risks to improve their performance


• Keep an "always a winner" healthy mental attitude, even when they did not win a competition


• Focus on the positives on their performance, rather than letting their negatives get them down


• Take constructive criticism well

Psychologists refer to three different types of confidence:

1. Diffidence


2. Optimal self-confidence


3. Over-confidence

Diffidence refers to a lack of self-confidence. Athletes who experience this are less likely to perform to their potential as they focus on the fear of failure and withdraw from the competition.

Children may suffer from this when they come up against other children who have better equipment (such as trainers or running spikes).

This lack of self-confidence will see athletes not only think they are going to fail, but also start making excuses for their performance before they even take part in their event.

Athletes with optimal self-confidence set realistic goals that they often achieve. They have the ability to look at their performance levels objectively and have the courage and heart to keep motivated and carry on with their training programmes and competitions.

Athletes who are over-confident, however, can experience a drop in their performance. Over-confidence can also be referred to as "false-confidence". This is because the athlete has a skewed mental image of how they can perform and what their abilities are. They may already believe that their technical abilities are the best they can be, and as such they won't improve their performance.

Self-doubt and how it affects athletes

Self-doubt is to have a "lack of confidence in oneself and one's abilities" (Oxford Dictionary, 2008).

Self-doubt and anxiety have a huge affect on an athlete's performance. This is particularly true for sports such as golf, or rugby, where the player focuses on an earlier bad shot or pass rather than thinking positively on the rest of the game. Dr Stephen Ball suggests that in this instance, the athlete replays the negative shots in their minds, rather than focusing on the positive shot they are yet to take.

Self-doubt destroys self-confidence. Athletes that are focused won't let their self-doubt and negative thoughts enter their mind, so their self-confidence remains strong.

However, those athletes that let self-doubt affect them will notice their technical skills diminish and will experience tentative behaviour, rather than their skills being automatic.

Self-doubt often affects athletes in competition, rather than during training. It is one of the contributors to under par performance during competition. Self-doubt affects athletes by affecting their mind negatively, or increasing the chance of injury or cramp during a critical moment.

Self-doubt affects how an athlete sees themselves in front of an external audience. They may suddenly not want to perform in front of people, and worry that they will look bad and even embarrass themselves in front of others.

Athletes that have confidence in their abilities are committed to win and perform to their best standard. However, those athletes affected by self-doubt do not commit 100 per cent to win and will accept near loss.

If an athlete with self-doubt wins their competition, they still do not accept it is due to their abilities, as they doubt their skills. They use language such as: "I guess I was lucky today." If they lose they don't critique their performance and look at ways to improve. They accept they lost and lose language like: "It was fun just to take part" and "I'm just glad to be here."

Some athletes are confident in their abilities at a lower competitive level, but will be affected by self-doubt if they reach say the semi-final stage. Although they have the skills to win, their self-doubt will affect them mentally. They may suffer from cramp, injury or just loss of concentration.

Lack of confidence and self-doubt will certainly affect an athlete's performance and commitment to their sport. Whilst they may seem to be improving during training, self-doubt will affect the athlete in a competitive environment.

How athletes can over come self-doubt and a lack of confidence

Self-confidence can be determined by an athlete's past performance. The athlete needs to adopt an "always a winner" mindset. They need to focus on and refer to their best performances, not necessarily their last performance.

There are a number of ways an athlete can over come their lack of confidence. These are discussed below.

An athlete should mentally visualise their previous good performances to remind themselves of how this made them feel, and what this performance looked like.

The athlete should also watch the performance of others (peers and sporting heroes on the television) and try to recreate what they have seen.

They also need to imagine various scenarios and work out how they would cope with them. This will make them feel prepared and increase their confidence.

The small beliefs we have in ourselves all contribute to our confidence levels. The athlete needs to consistently focus on their positive performances. This helps to affirm the notion that they can do it, and they can succeed.

Verbal persuasion and affirmations train the memory to think in a positive way. This can come from the coach or the athlete. The athlete can take the positive affirmations that the coach has said and keep repeating them in their mind.

The repetition of a positive statement or belief should become the athlete's mantra. They need to visualise themselves acting out this statement. For example: "I am the greatest" (Mohammed Ali).

If the coach is giving constructive feedback to an athlete, they need to ensure this is done in a positive way as this could damage the confidence of that athlete. The athlete needs to learn to ignore comments that are not constructive and helpful, or are not from a knowledgeable source.

The easiest way to overcome a lack of self-confidence is to heavily focus on all the positives of the athlete. The coach needs to discuss with the athlete their performances and current achievements in a way that motivates them and installs confidence, not discourages them. For example, the athlete and coach will:

• Discuss the athletes' performance in a rational and non-emotional way


• Discuss the things that can be changed to help the athlete improve - these are small manageable things


• Discuss and highlight the things that were good in the athletes' performance


• Discuss the athletes' achievements to date


• Discuss a new route to achieve the athletes' goal(s)


• Discuss the positive performance of the other players/ competitors

The athlete needs to be honest when reviewing their performance: this means looking at the positives and the negatives. Too many athletes will only focus on the negatives if they did not perform the way they wanted to. They need to ensure they look at the good things in their performance, as well as reviewing past performances and what was good about them.

The athlete needs to write and focus on specific achievable goals. This makes the challenge manageable and will motivate the athlete to achieve their personal goals.

To improve self-confidence, the athlete should also look at controlling their emotional arousal. By training their mind to view emotional symptoms such ad butterflies and increased heart rate as a positive sign, they will be able to perform better and with more confidence. The athlete needs to ensure they don't lose control: if they do this then they can maintain their confidence.

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A Short History of Bullfighting

History of Bullfighting- Origins.

Bullfighting in Spain seems to have its origins during the 8 long centuries of the Spanish
War of Reconquest (711-1492 A.D.) when the knights of both the Moors and
Christians would organize hunting competitions as a respite from killing
each other and they soon realized that of all the prey the Iberian bull
offered the greatest challenge as unlike other animals it preferred to die
fighting rather than fleeing.

It seems probable that a nobleman captured a few of these brave beasts
and took them to his village in order to recreate the thrill of the hunt before
his admiring subjects. Thus some remote part of Medieval Spain saw the
origins of what is today the national Spanish spectacle of bullfighting.

The history of bullfighting recalls that the first real bullfight, or
corrida, took place inn 1133 at Vera, Logroño in honour of the coronation
of King Alfonso VIII. From then on they became a popular pass time at many
important events and continued after the wars of reconquest had finished
offering noblemen an outlet to demonstrate the zeal and daring with which he
defeated the Moors.

King Philip II however found the spectacle disgusting and enlisted the
help of Pope Pius V to get it banned by papel decree. This, together with
the growing pleasures to be had at the royal court, resulted in
the nobility giving up their interest in bullfighting but not so the
peasantry who took it enthusiastically to heart and it thus became a symbol
of something genuinely Spanish.

By 1726 they were ready to adopt their first bullfighting hero in the from of
Francisco Romero from Ronda. He was a man of humble origins who became the first
professional bullfighter in Spain. With him the corrida developed into
more of an art form. He introduced the estoque, sword, and the muleta,
the small cape used in the last part of the fight as it is more easily
wielded.

History of Bullfighting- the Modern Corrida.

Today's bullfight is much as it was developed in the time of Romero.
Normally 6 bulls and three matadors are required for an afternoons
corrida. The three matadors dressed in their trajes de luces (suit of lights)
enter the arena accompanied by their banderilleros and picadors and the
strains of a traditional paso doble. The door to the totil, or bull
pen, is opened and one of the bulls emerges.

The matador greets it with a series of manoeuvres, or passes, with a
large cape; these passes are usually verónicas, the basic cape
manoeuvre (named after the woman who held out a cloth to Christ on his
way to the crucifixion). Contrary to popular believe bulls are actually
colour blind and they go for the cape not because it is red but because it
is moving.

The second part of the bullfight is the job of the mounted picadors who
lance the bull, normally three times. Then a trumpet blows and the
banderilleros on foot move in to place their banderillas ( brightly
coloured barbed sticks) in the beast's shoulders to get it to lower it's head
for the kill. After this a further trumpet sounds which signals
the faena or final phase of the bullfight. The cloth of the muleta is draped over
the estoque and here the matador shows his skill in the passes that he makes.
These consist of the trincherazo which is normally the opening pass performed
on one knee then there is the pase de la firma in which the matador
remains motionless whilst passing the cloth under the bulls nose. The
manoletina involves holding the muleta behind the body and the natural
pass is one in which the danger to the matador is increased as the
estoque is removed from the muleta this reduces the target size and
tempting the bull to charge at the larger object--the bullfighter.

After performing these passes for several minutes during which time the matador
tries to excite the crowd by moving closer and closer to the horns, he finally
and lines up the bull for the kill.

The blade has to pass between the
shoulder blades and as the space between them is small the feet of the bull
have to be together as the bullfighter rushes over the horns. The kill
is properly performed by aiming straight over the bull's horns and
plunging the estoque between the withers into the region of the aorta.
This requires considerable skill and discipline, not to mention a certain
amount of raw courage, and for this reason is known as "el momento
de la verdad" or the moment of truth.

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